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출처 : https://www.bluetooth.com/blog/bluetooth-channel-sounding-key-solutions/

 

Bluetooth Channel Sounding: Key SolutionsBluetoothチャネルサウンディング:主要ソリューション | Bluetooth®

Connection is one thing we all share. It keeps our world in motion and our lives meaningful. For more than 25 years, Bluetooth® technology has created connections that have opened new markets…

www.bluetooth.com

 

예전부터 BT를 이용하여 거리를 측정하고 싶어한 요구는 많이 있었다.

초기에 RSSI를 이용하여 대략적인 측량을 했고, AoA/AoD를 이용해 방향을 찾고, HADM으로 거리를 인식하려고 했으나 잘 되지는 않았다.

이번에 추가되는 Channel Sounding은 HADM의 추가 보완적인 형식이라고 생각된다.

 

Bluetooth SIG에서는 이를 이용하여 두가지 use case를 권장하고 있다.

Bluetooth Find My Solutions

Bluetooth Digital Key Solutions

 

Find My Solution은 Smart phone에서 제공하는 Find my device service나 Smarttihngs와도 다르다.

다만 user입장에서 볼 때 비슷한 기능을 수행하기 때문에 세부적인 것은 관심이 없다면 비슷한 기능이라고 볼 수도 있겠다. 하고자 하는 것은 device가 어디에 있는지 확인하는 것이다. Channel Sounding은 안테나 설계를 어떻게 하느냐에 따라 거리만 측정할 수도 있고 방향까지 측정할 수도 있다. 근처에 있는 내 device가 어디에 있는지 찾아내는 것이 이 solution의 내용이다.

 

Digital Key 역시 위치를 추적하는 것인데 device의 입장인 자동차가 User의 smart phone을 찾아내는 것이라 Find My Solution과는 반대 개념이다. RSSI로 거리를 측정하는 것은 정확도가 떨어지고, 단순 packet만 주고 받는 것은 MITM공격에 취약할 수 있어 CCC에서는 UWB를 추가하는 것을 권장하고 있다. Channel Sounding이 제대로 구현되면 UWB가 없어도 주변에 운전자 key가 있다는 것을 보장할 수 있다.

 

그렇다면 Bluetooth Channel Sounding이란 무엇인가?

https://www.bluetooth.com/channel-sounding-tech-overview/

 

Bluetooth® Channel Sounding: A Technical Overview | Bluetooth® Technology Website

This paper provides a detailed technical overview of Bluetooth® Channel Sounding, a secure fine ranging feature that enables true distance awareness between two Bluetooth devices.

www.bluetooth.com

Bluetooth® Channel SoundingPBR(Phase-based Ranging)을 사용하여 두 가지 Bluetooth® LE 장치 간 HADM을 구현하며, 다른 채널의 수신 및 송신 무선 신호 간 위상 편이를 이용합니다. 주파수가 다른 두 개 이상의 신호를 이용하여 해당 신호 간 위상차(Δθ) 측정값에 따라 거리를 정밀 추정합니다.
UWB처럼 신호가 되돌아오는 파형의 이용하여 거리를 측정한다고 한다.
Phase-based Ranging (PBR)  : initiator가 보내고 reflector가 응답한 것이 도착하면 위상차로 거리 계산

150 meters 거리를 측정할 수있고, 정밀도는 10cm까지 가능하다. (RSSI는 3~5m)

이를 위해 BLE에 Physical Layer를 추가하였다. => LE 2M 2BT PHY

이로써 BLE에는 LE 1M, LE 2M, and LE 2M 2BT PHY를 지원하게 된다.

 

 

Channel Sounding 도중 공격에 대한 대응도 추가되어 있는데 NADM value라는 것이 추가되어 있다. 실제로 이것을 어떻게 검출하는지는 실제 동작을 확인해봐야 할 것 같다. 지금으로서는 단순히 이러한 것을 고려하고 있다는 정도만 알고 있다. Host에서 Attack Detector Algorithm을 돌리는데 어떻게 구현하는지가 명시되어 있지 않다.

(The algorithm which applications use for calculating distances is not specified by the Bluetooth Core Specification. Consequently, this is one area in which vendors can differentiate. Superior algorithms will produce superior results.)

 

Bluetooth controller is based on the evaluation of received signals against a reference signal definition the examination of the received signal for indicators of a possible attack such as unexpected bit transitions or phase adjustments.
 
Defined by the Bluetooth Core Specification and is called the Normalized Attack Detector Metric or NADM. 

 

 

Device Roles
  * Initiator : calculate the distance from itself to another device
  * Reflector : peer device
  * Either the Initiator or the Reflector can kick off the Bluetooth Channel Sounding procedure
Topology
  * one-to-one topology
Antenna Arrays
  * Devices that use Bluetooth Channel Sounding may include an antenna array.(Optional)
Applications
  * Distances are calculated by the application layer configuration to establishing a Bluetooth Channel Sounding
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Bluetooth SIG에서 매년 2번씩 Core version을 발표할 계획이기 때문에 더이상 Core버전으로 기능을 설명할 수 없게 되었다. 때문에 SIG에서는 기능 중심으로 표시하도록 권장하고 있다.

 

2. End-Use Product Guidance

End-use product companies are encouraged to utilize the communication elements listed below. Please note that while members often combine the Bluetooth wordmark with the Bluetooth® Core Specification version against which they qualified their product (e.g., Bluetooth 5.4) to indicate support for Bluetooth technology, the SIG does not endorse this, as it may lead to incorrect assumptions about supported Bluetooth functionality. 

Communication ElementsRecommended terminology for use in promotional materials.Communication CriteriaProduct has completed the Bluetooth® Qualification Process and includes:

Communication ElementsRecommended terminology for use in promotional materials.Communication CriteriaProduct has completed the Bluetooth® Qualification Process and includes:

Bluetooth® Technology 
For communicating support for Bluetooth® technology. 
Bluetooth® = No criteria beyond qualification
Bluetooth® Applications
For communicating supported Bluetooth® applications as needed. 
Classic Audio
LE Audio
AuracastTM 
ESL
NLC
= Layer: A2DP or HFP
= Layer: TMAP or HAP

= Layer: PBP3 
= Layer: ESLP
= Layer: ALSNLCP, BLCNLCP, BSSNLCP, DICNLCP, ENMNLCP, or OCSNLCP
Bluetooth® Core Version4
For communicating the Bluetooth® Core Specification against which the product was qualified, if applicable. 
Bluetooth® Core 5.0
Bluetooth® Core 5.1
Bluetooth® Core 5.2
Bluetooth® Core 5.3
Bluetooth® Core 5.4
Bluetooth® Core 6.0
= ICS: CORE 1/50 or 2/50
= ICS: CORE 1/51 or 2/51
= ICS: CORE 1/52 or 2/52
= ICS: CORE 1/53 or 2/53
= ICS: CORE 1/54 or 2/54
= ICS: CORE 1/60 or 2/60

 

ELS : Electronic Shelf Labels 마트에 자주 보이는 전자 가격표

NLC :  Networked Lighting Control 전등

 

3. Enabling Technology Product guidance

Enabling technology product companies are encouraged to utilize the following communication elements listed below. Please note that while members often combine the Bluetooth wordmark with the Bluetooth® Core Specification version against which they qualified their product (e.g., Bluetooth 6.0) to indicate support for Bluetooth technology, the SIG does not endorse this, as it may lead to incorrect assumptions about supported Bluetooth functionality. 

 Communication ElementsRecommended terminology for use in promotional materials.Communication CriteriaProduct has completed the Bluetooth® Qualification Process and includes:
Bluetooth® Technology 
For communicating support for Bluetooth® technology. 
Bluetooth®
Bluetooth® Classic 
Bluetooth® LE 
Bluetooth® Dual-Mode 
= No criteria beyond qualification
= ICS: CORE 30/1 or 30/3
= ICS: CORE 30/2 or 30/3
= ICS: CORE 30/3
Bluetooth® Features
For communicating supported Bluetooth® features as needed. 
Channel Sounding
LE 2M 
LE Coded 
Direction Finding
LE Power Control
Isochronous Channels
Extended Advertising
Periodic Advertising
Periodic Advertising with Responses
LE Secure Connections
Classic Audio
LE Audio
Mesh Networking
= ICS: CS 1/1 or 1/2
= ICS: RFPHY 1/4
= ICS: RFPHY 1/7
= ICS: RFPHY 1/9 or 1/11
= ICS: LL 9/37
= ICS: LL 9/31, 9/32, or 9/33
= ICS: LL 9/41
= ICS: LL 9/42
= ICS: LL 9/49 or 9/50
= ICS: GAP 27b/5 or 37b/5
= Layer: A2DP or HFP
= Layer: BAP
= Layer: MESH or MMDL
Bluetooth® Profiles
For communicating supported Bluetooth® profiles as needed.
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile
Hands-Free Profile
Telephony and Media Audio Profile
Hearing Access Profile
Public Broadcast Profile
Ranging Profile
Generic Health Sensor Profile
Electronic Shelf Label Profile
Ambient Light Sensor NLC Profile
Basic Lightness Controller NLC Profile
Basic Scene Selector NLC Profile
Dimming Control NLC Profile
Energy Monitor NLC Profile
Occupancy Sensor NLC Profile
= Layer: A2DP
= Layer: HFP
= Layer: TMAP
= Layer: HAP
= Layer: PBP
= Layer: RAP
= Layer: GHSP
= Layer: ESLP
= Layer: ALSNLCP
= Layer: BLCNLCP
= Layer: BSSNLCP
= Layer: DICNLCP
= Layer: ENMNLCP
= Layer: OCSNLCP
Bluetooth® Core Version6  
For communicating the Bluetooth® Core Specification against which the product was qualified, if applicable. 
Bluetooth® Core 5.0
Bluetooth® Core 5.1
Bluetooth® Core 5.2
Bluetooth® Core 5.3
Bluetooth® Core 5.4
Bluetooth® Core 6.0
= ICS: CORE 1/50 or 2/50
= ICS: CORE 1/51 or 2/51
= ICS: CORE 1/52 or 2/52
= ICS: CORE 1/53 or 2/53
= ICS: CORE 1/54 or 2/54
= ICS: CORE 1/60 or 2/60

 

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The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) Board of Directors has approved the release of two versions of the Bluetooth® Core Specification annually, starting in 2025. The first release under this new cadence is targeted for Spring 2025.

 

Over the past decade, the SIG has typically released a new core specification every 18 months, timed with the completion of a major new Bluetooth feature. While this approach has been effective in enabling the delivery of transformative updates, it has also meant that other Bluetooth features, enhancements, and fixes had to wait until the completion of a major feature before being released. To address this, the SIG will now follow a more frequent release cycle, publishing two updates to the Bluetooth® Core Specification each year. This will allow the introduction of completed features on a more consistent and frequent basis, ensuring faster innovation and continuous improvement.

 

"Moving to a bi-annual release cycle for the Bluetooth Core Specification represents a pivotal step forward for the entire Bluetooth technology ecosystem," said Alain Michaud, Chair of the Board of Directors for the Bluetooth SIG. "This new cadence will ensure that incremental improvements and features can reach developers and manufacturers faster, fueling innovation and helping them meet the evolving needs of the market with greater agility. By adopting this approach, we’re not just accelerating the development cycle—we’re also reinforcing the Bluetooth SIG’s commitment to continually strengthen the foundation for the future of wireless connectivity."

 

As a reminder, Bluetooth SIG members are strongly encouraged to avoid communicating the version of the Bluetooth® Core Specification against which a product was qualified (e.g., Bluetooth Core 6.0) to describe the Bluetooth functionality supported in that product. Doing so can create misunderstandings about the product’s capabilities. For example, a device qualified to Bluetooth Core 6.0 is not required to contain any of the new features added in Bluetooth Core 6.0 or even in Bluetooth Core 5.0.

 

Instead, members should focus on clearly and accurately describing the specific Bluetooth features their product supports, emphasizing those most important to their target customers, in product packaging, documentation, and promotional materials. Guidance for effectively communicating support for specific Bluetooth features and applications in member products can be found here: Communicating Supported Bluetooth® Functionality.

 

Details about the upcoming Spring 2025 release will be shared as soon as they are available.

 

Sincerely, 

 

The Bluetooth SIG 

========================================================================================

 

 Bluetooth SIG에서 1년에 2차례 version을 release하기로 결정했다.

기존에는 큰 변화가 있을 때마다 core version을 올렸는데 이제는 Android처럼 주기적으로 version을 올리고 알아서 new feature를 선택하도록 권장하고 있다.

때문에 제품을 홍보할 때도 Core version에 의미를 두지 말라고 한다.

사실 이 문제는 Bluetooth를 담당하던 사람들도 많이 헷갈리던 부분인데 기능들이 optional로 되어 있어 core version이 높다고 해서 그 모든 기능을 지원하는 것이 아닌데 오해가 많이 생기기 때문이다.

 

이제는 core version별로 어떤 기능이 추가되었나보다는 어떠한 기능들이 있느냐에 초점을 맞추고 세부적으로 어느 버전부터 추가 되었나 정도만 알면 될 것 같다.

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TK : Temporary Key
STK를 만들기 위해 생성(128bit Numeric)

STK : Short Term Key
s1 함수의 경우 입력 매개변수에는 다음이 포함
* TK (Temporary Key)
* Srand (응답장치가 생성한 난수)
* Mrand (시작장치가 생성한 난수)

페어링된 장치는 STK와 암호화된 연결 사용

LTK : Long Term Key
링크키 개념, 다음 연결에 사용, MITM 공격 방지

IRK : Identify Resolving Key
private random address를 public address로 분석하는데 사용되는 키
pairing할 때 LTK, IRK를 저장

 

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